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Background of this research is based on an empirical reality that part of Ponorogo society, especially warok class concludes to defend eastern tradition through explore traditional norm, namely ritual behavior in mystic dimension. Existence of this ritual behavior was looked as positive respond toward modern living challage. The main problems in this research are how ritual behavior warok order…
This article attempts at discussing feodalistic attitudes in the pattern of Islamic leadership, particularly in the process of succession. From the begining of Islamic civilization to the modern era, the process of succession leads to dispute among muslims. The rise of Shi'ah, for example, was certainly caused by such a succession. In the era of the prophet and the Khulafa' al Rasidin, the succ…